10Carthage Jail
The jail in Carthage, Illinois, is really only famous for one event: the murder of Joseph Smith. His crime: the destruction of the facilities of the Nauvoo Expositor, a newspaper that had been criticizing the newly formed Mormon faith. In addition, they were guarded by an anti-Mormon local militia known as the “Carthage Greys,” so, when the mob came to kill Smith, the guards did nothing. Smith’s brother died first, shot several times, and Smith tried to escape out the window, after returning fire with a pistol in vain. He too was shot, and when he fell from the second-story window, he died upon hitting the ground, his body riddled with bullets. The former jail was purchased by the Mormon Church and is now a visitors’ center.
9Port Arthur
Built on the island of Tasmania, the Port Arthur penal colony was originally a timber camp, constructed in 1830. Only three short years later, it was turned into a jail to keep the deluge of human suffering flowing from Britain. The Separate Prison gave credence to Port Arthur’s reputation as a “hell on earth” and the “scene of unceasing suffering.” The officials in charge had come to the conclusion that corporal punishment did nothing but harden criminals; to truly rehabilitate criminals, you had to target the mind. Therefore, mandatory solitary confinement for 23 hours a day was the law of the land, with some prisoners hooded and forced to remain silent, expected to reflect on what brought them to Port Arthur. It was closed in 1877, forced out by the fact most of the natural resources the prisoners were forced to collect had been exhausted.
8Maison Des Esclaves
Off the coast of the African nation of Senegal sits a relatively nondescript piece of land known as Goree Island. Its importance to the world has to do with the building that was used to hold captives of the Atlantic slave trade, a building known as the Maison des Esclaves. Though it is now an memorial, the building was originally the final stop for Africans bound for slavery, a fact illustrated by the “Door of No Return,” an empty doorway purported to be the last step for those being forced into ships. Some scholars maintain very few slaves ever left via Goree Island, claiming no more than a few thousand of the more than 12 million slaves came through that building.
7Peter And Paul Fortress
The first building in modern-day St. Petersburg, the Peter and Paul Fortress was built in 1703 by the famed Russian leader Peter the Great. Sometimes referred to as the “Russian Bastille,” the Fortress contains the State Prison, as well as a cathedral for which it was named. Among the people who have been jailed in the prison’s history are Leon Trotsky, Maxim Gorky, and the Decembrists (the Russian revolutionaries, not the indie rock band). But perhaps the most famous inhabitant was Alexei Romanov, the son of Peter the Great; the reasoning behind his imprisonment: Peter the Great believed his son was trying to overthrow him. (The claim was probably not true; at worst, Alexei simply hoped his father would die.)
6Newgate Prison
“By reason of the foetid and corrupt atmosphere that is in the heinous gaol of Newgate many persons are now dead who would be alive.” These were the words of Richard Whittington, the mayor of London in the late 14th and early 15th century, and the target of his ire was Newgate Prison, one of the oldest prisons in the city’s history. It was built in 1188, partially using Newgate, a historical gate the Romans built in the London Wall. Throughout its history, prisoners suffered, not at the hands of their guards, but because of disease. By the 18th century, twice the number of prisoners were kept there than it was designed for. In 1902, it was finally torn down, and part of the Old Bailey, the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, now resides on the spot.
5Mamertine Prison
Traditionally said to have been built in 640 BC, the Mamertine Prison was originally constructed by the fourth king of Rome, Ancus Marcius. The church of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami now sits on top of the Mamertine, with two layers underneath it; those two layers are known as the “carcer” and the “tullianum.” The tullianum was built by Rome’s sixth king, Servius Tullius, and it consisted of a hole, through which prisoners were lowered by rope into a dungeon. The Roman historian Sallust had this to say: “It is about twelve feet deep in the ground. Its appearance is disgusting and vile by reason of the filth, the darkness, and the stench.” However, since incarceration wasn’t really an early Roman punishment, the only people who were generally thrown in the tullianum were those condemned to death.
4Kilmainham Gaol
“But, sure, jail is a grand place, if one can forget that one’s in it.” Written by Evelyn Masterson, a prisoner of Kilmainham Gaol, these words typify the humor the Irish rebels displayed during their time in the county jail. Built in August 1796, the historical Kilmainham Gaol is the second one; the first was an incredibly terrible place in which to end up. Men, women, and children were jailed together, in conditions that fostered disease, starvation, and routine beatings from the guards. After prison reform became an increasingly important topic, the second jail was designed with the newest theories in mind, including separate cells for each prisoner (though overcrowding quickly forced that idea into the gutter). Almost every significant leader of any Irish nationalist group was imprisoned there. Historian Pat Cooke said it best: “There can be few places, therefore, that more intensely crystallize the forces that shaped modern Irish nationalism than Kilmainham Gaol.”
3Chateau D’If
The French Alcatraz, the Chateau d’If is a fortress built on If, a small island just off the southeastern French shore. Constructed in 1531, it was originally designed by King François I as a defense against attacks from the sea. However, it quickly proved ineffective against increasingly technologically advanced ships, and it was turned into a prison only a few decades later. The rich who could afford to pay the exorbitant fees for private rooms lived in relative comfort, while the poverty-stricken languished in dungeons filled with disease and hunger. Most people who are familiar with the Chateau d’If are probably familiar with it because of Alexandre Dumas’s novel The Count of Monte Cristo, in which Edmond Dantes spends 14 years there. Perhaps the strangest guest was a rhinoceros, which found its way from India to Portugal to Rome, with several stops along the way, including the Chateau d’If. The prison was finally decommissioned in 1890 and has been a tourist attraction ever since.
2Elmina Castle
Elmina Castle had two levels: the top consisted of several luxurious suites for European guests, and the bottom was filled with cells in which up to 200 people were crammed. Disease ran rampant, and the filth and human excrement was produced in such levels that the floors of the dungeons are several inches higher than they were when they were built. Much like the Maison des Esclaves, Elmina Castle had a “Door of No Return,” and there is significantly less controversy about this building’s involvement in the Atlantic Slave Trade. (By the 1800s, as many as 30,000 slaves passed through here each year.) It wasn’t until 1814, when the Dutch stopped their role in the Atlantic Slave Trade, that Elmina Castle was finally decommissioned. A plaque near one of the dungeon’s doors partially reads: “May humanity never again perpetrate such injustice against humanity.”
1Devil’s Island
Located in French Guiana, the penal colony of Cayenne was opened in 1852. For the most part, inhabitants were political prisoners, and they were horribly mistreated while staying there. It was named the Devil’s Island by the British, due to the dangerous waves that crashed onto the shore and the rocks that protruded from the water. The most famous person who was incarcerated at Devil’s Island was Alfred Dreyfus, a French military officer falsely accused of treason. The only person who could rival his fame was Henri Charriere, better known as Papillon for the distinguishing tattoo on his chest. However, his best-selling book is believed by many to be mostly lies and half-truths, with only as much as 10% of it being true.
